In the absence of safety data, most clinicians advise that pregnant or breastfeeding individuals avoid this compounded preparation unless the anticipated benefit clearly outweighs theoretical fetal or neonatal risks
Antioxidant production is reduced in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases, even before they begin to develop any symptoms
Based on differences in the carbon skeleton, phenolic acids can be mainly divided into two categories: hydroxycinnamic acid (e.g., cinnamic acid, ferulic acid, caffeic acid, and chlorogenic acid) and hydroxybenzoic acid (e.g., gallic acid, ellagic acid, syringic acid, and Danshensu) [157]
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) following unregulated IV administration, presenting with fever above 41 degrees Celsius, acute liver injury, and clotting abnormalities, is also documented in a 2025 case report